Federal votes
Amendment to the Federal Act on Withholding Tax
Full results for this proposal on 2022-09-25; the other proposals from the same voting day follow below.
2022-09-25
Final
4 proposals
4/4 proposals completed
Source data: 2025-08-06 14:47:29
Locally synchronised: 2026-09-23 09:29:13
6610 Amendment to the Federal Act on Withholding Tax Cantons26/26 counted Municipalities2'153/2'153 counted Double majority 52.0% 48.0% Not accepted final
Switzerland
counted
52.0% No
48.0% Yes
Yes votes1'316'230
No votes1'426'457
Turnout51.7%
Eligible voters5'549'085
Ballots cast2'869'258
Valid votes2'742'687
Cantons
26/26 counted
Zürichcounted
163/163 counted
51.7%No
Yes48.3%
Turnout 50.6%
51.7%No
Yes48.3%
Turnout 50.6%
Yes votes226'929
No votes243'125
Valid votes470'054
Fribourg / Freiburgcounted
127/127 counted
56.0%No
Yes44.0%
Turnout 52.8%
56.0%No
Yes44.0%
Turnout 52.8%
Yes votes46'823
No votes59'516
Valid votes106'339
Solothurncounted
107/107 counted
54.7%No
Yes45.3%
Turnout 50.5%
54.7%No
Yes45.3%
Turnout 50.5%
Yes votes40'564
No votes48'974
Valid votes89'538
Basel-Stadtcounted
4/4 counted
59.5%No
Yes40.5%
Turnout 53.6%
59.5%No
Yes40.5%
Turnout 53.6%
Yes votes23'264
No votes34'234
Valid votes57'498
Basel-Landschaftcounted
86/86 counted
53.7%No
Yes46.3%
Turnout 50.9%
53.7%No
Yes46.3%
Turnout 50.9%
Yes votes42'583
No votes49'359
Valid votes91'942
Schaffhausencounted
26/26 counted
50.9%No
Yes49.1%
Turnout 67.9%
50.9%No
Yes49.1%
Turnout 67.9%
Yes votes15'990
No votes16'572
Valid votes32'562
Appenzell Ausserrhodencounted
20/20 counted
48.3%No
Yes51.7%
Turnout 54.9%
48.3%No
Yes51.7%
Turnout 54.9%
Yes votes10'800
No votes10'070
Valid votes20'870
Appenzell Innerrhodencounted
6/6 counted
39.7%No
Yes60.3%
Turnout 51.4%
39.7%No
Yes60.3%
Turnout 51.4%
Yes votes3'610
No votes2'376
Valid votes5'986
St. Gallencounted
78/78 counted
47.0%No
Yes53.0%
Turnout 50.6%
47.0%No
Yes53.0%
Turnout 50.6%
Yes votes86'114
No votes76'429
Valid votes162'543
Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischuncounted
101/101 counted
46.7%No
Yes53.3%
Turnout 48.3%
46.7%No
Yes53.3%
Turnout 48.3%
Yes votes34'904
No votes30'522
Valid votes65'426
Aargaucounted
201/201 counted
49.5%No
Yes50.5%
Turnout 48.9%
49.5%No
Yes50.5%
Turnout 48.9%
Yes votes105'469
No votes103'364
Valid votes208'833
Bern / Bernecounted
334/334 counted
57.8%No
Yes42.2%
Turnout 53.9%
57.8%No
Yes42.2%
Turnout 53.9%
Yes votes161'324
No votes220'759
Valid votes382'083
Thurgaucounted
81/81 counted
45.8%No
Yes54.2%
Turnout 51.4%
45.8%No
Yes54.2%
Turnout 51.4%
Yes votes47'168
No votes39'856
Valid votes87'024
Ticinocounted
106/106 counted
49.8%No
Yes50.2%
Turnout 52.3%
49.8%No
Yes50.2%
Turnout 52.3%
Yes votes56'067
No votes55'548
Valid votes111'615
Vaudcounted
301/301 counted
53.1%No
Yes46.9%
Turnout 52.5%
53.1%No
Yes46.9%
Turnout 52.5%
Yes votes108'554
No votes122'854
Valid votes231'408
Valais / Walliscounted
123/123 counted
51.0%No
Yes49.0%
Turnout 49.5%
51.0%No
Yes49.0%
Turnout 49.5%
Yes votes52'547
No votes54'684
Valid votes107'231
Neuchâtelcounted
27/27 counted
61.2%No
Yes38.8%
Turnout 48.2%
61.2%No
Yes38.8%
Turnout 48.2%
Yes votes20'090
No votes31'754
Valid votes51'844
Genèvecounted
46/46 counted
58.5%No
Yes41.5%
Turnout 47.5%
58.5%No
Yes41.5%
Turnout 47.5%
Yes votes51'044
No votes72'002
Valid votes123'046
Juracounted
53/53 counted
64.0%No
Yes36.0%
Turnout 52.6%
64.0%No
Yes36.0%
Turnout 52.6%
Yes votes9'724
No votes17'265
Valid votes26'989
Luzerncounted
81/81 counted
46.6%No
Yes53.4%
Turnout 55.4%
46.6%No
Yes53.4%
Turnout 55.4%
Yes votes80'546
No votes70'166
Valid votes150'712
Uricounted
20/20 counted
50.3%No
Yes49.7%
Turnout 48.8%
50.3%No
Yes49.7%
Turnout 48.8%
Yes votes6'296
No votes6'383
Valid votes12'679
Schwyzcounted
30/30 counted
43.3%No
Yes56.7%
Turnout 56.2%
43.3%No
Yes56.7%
Turnout 56.2%
Yes votes33'466
No votes25'538
Valid votes59'004
Obwaldencounted
7/7 counted
41.1%No
Yes58.9%
Turnout 58.2%
41.1%No
Yes58.9%
Turnout 58.2%
Yes votes8'845
No votes6'183
Valid votes15'028
Nidwaldencounted
11/11 counted
37.3%No
Yes62.7%
Turnout 56.5%
37.3%No
Yes62.7%
Turnout 56.5%
Yes votes10'871
No votes6'472
Valid votes17'343
Glaruscounted
3/3 counted
53.3%No
Yes46.7%
Turnout 45.1%
53.3%No
Yes46.7%
Turnout 45.1%
Yes votes5'448
No votes6'207
Valid votes11'655
Zugcounted
11/11 counted
37.4%No
Yes62.6%
Turnout 56.6%
37.4%No
Yes62.6%
Turnout 56.6%
Yes votes27'190
No votes16'245
Valid votes43'435
6580 Factory Faming Initiative Cantons26/26 counted Municipalities2'153/2'153 counted Double majority 62.9% 37.1% Not accepted final
Switzerland
counted
62.9% No
37.1% Yes
Yes votes1'062'703
No votes1'799'088
Turnout52.3%
Eligible voters5'549'085
Ballots cast2'900'889
Valid votes2'861'791
Cantons
26/26 counted
Zürichcounted
163/163 counted
53.4%No
Yes46.6%
Turnout 51.4%
53.4%No
Yes46.6%
Turnout 51.4%
Yes votes228'252
No votes261'398
Valid votes489'650
Fribourg / Freiburgcounted
127/127 counted
72.9%No
Yes27.1%
Turnout 53.6%
72.9%No
Yes27.1%
Turnout 53.6%
Yes votes30'503
No votes82'228
Valid votes112'731
Solothurncounted
107/107 counted
62.5%No
Yes37.5%
Turnout 51.1%
62.5%No
Yes37.5%
Turnout 51.1%
Yes votes34'805
No votes57'930
Valid votes92'735
Basel-Stadtcounted
4/4 counted
44.8%No
Yes55.2%
Turnout 53.6%
44.8%No
Yes55.2%
Turnout 53.6%
Yes votes33'210
No votes26'980
Valid votes60'190
Basel-Landschaftcounted
86/86 counted
60.4%No
Yes39.6%
Turnout 51.7%
60.4%No
Yes39.6%
Turnout 51.7%
Yes votes38'050
No votes58'017
Valid votes96'067
Schaffhausencounted
26/26 counted
60.0%No
Yes40.0%
Turnout 68.6%
60.0%No
Yes40.0%
Turnout 68.6%
Yes votes14'162
No votes21'204
Valid votes35'366
Appenzell Ausserrhodencounted
20/20 counted
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 56.8%
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 56.8%
Yes votes7'593
No votes14'396
Valid votes21'989
Appenzell Innerrhodencounted
6/6 counted
78.4%No
Yes21.6%
Turnout 52.5%
78.4%No
Yes21.6%
Turnout 52.5%
Yes votes1'358
No votes4'915
Valid votes6'273
St. Gallencounted
78/78 counted
66.5%No
Yes33.5%
Turnout 51.5%
66.5%No
Yes33.5%
Turnout 51.5%
Yes votes56'701
No votes112'338
Valid votes169'039
Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischuncounted
101/101 counted
65.2%No
Yes34.8%
Turnout 49.7%
65.2%No
Yes34.8%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes24'053
No votes45'118
Valid votes69'171
Aargaucounted
201/201 counted
64.5%No
Yes35.5%
Turnout 49.8%
64.5%No
Yes35.5%
Turnout 49.8%
Yes votes77'254
No votes140'191
Valid votes217'445
Bern / Bernecounted
334/334 counted
61.4%No
Yes38.6%
Turnout 53.9%
61.4%No
Yes38.6%
Turnout 53.9%
Yes votes153'433
No votes244'562
Valid votes397'995
Thurgaucounted
81/81 counted
68.9%No
Yes31.1%
Turnout 52.3%
68.9%No
Yes31.1%
Turnout 52.3%
Yes votes28'237
No votes62'534
Valid votes90'771
Ticinocounted
106/106 counted
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 52.4%
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 52.4%
Yes votes39'932
No votes75'784
Valid votes115'716
Vaudcounted
301/301 counted
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 52.7%
65.5%No
Yes34.5%
Turnout 52.7%
Yes votes83'465
No votes158'811
Valid votes242'276
Valais / Walliscounted
123/123 counted
76.1%No
Yes23.9%
Turnout 49.7%
76.1%No
Yes23.9%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes26'544
No votes84'415
Valid votes110'959
Neuchâtelcounted
27/27 counted
63.9%No
Yes36.1%
Turnout 48.4%
63.9%No
Yes36.1%
Turnout 48.4%
Yes votes19'651
No votes34'714
Valid votes54'365
Genèvecounted
46/46 counted
52.7%No
Yes47.3%
Turnout 47.5%
52.7%No
Yes47.3%
Turnout 47.5%
Yes votes60'240
No votes67'000
Valid votes127'240
Juracounted
53/53 counted
72.4%No
Yes27.6%
Turnout 53.2%
72.4%No
Yes27.6%
Turnout 53.2%
Yes votes7'845
No votes20'565
Valid votes28'410
Luzerncounted
81/81 counted
67.8%No
Yes32.2%
Turnout 56.4%
67.8%No
Yes32.2%
Turnout 56.4%
Yes votes50'890
No votes107'050
Valid votes157'940
Uricounted
20/20 counted
74.9%No
Yes25.1%
Turnout 50.4%
74.9%No
Yes25.1%
Turnout 50.4%
Yes votes3'369
No votes10'068
Valid votes13'437
Schwyzcounted
30/30 counted
74.9%No
Yes25.1%
Turnout 57.3%
74.9%No
Yes25.1%
Turnout 57.3%
Yes votes15'287
No votes45'707
Valid votes60'994
Obwaldencounted
7/7 counted
76.3%No
Yes23.7%
Turnout 59.4%
76.3%No
Yes23.7%
Turnout 59.4%
Yes votes3'778
No votes12'161
Valid votes15'939
Nidwaldencounted
11/11 counted
73.2%No
Yes26.8%
Turnout 57.6%
73.2%No
Yes26.8%
Turnout 57.6%
Yes votes4'839
No votes13'242
Valid votes18'081
Glaruscounted
3/3 counted
63.3%No
Yes36.7%
Turnout 45.7%
63.3%No
Yes36.7%
Turnout 45.7%
Yes votes4'444
No votes7'660
Valid votes12'104
Zugcounted
11/11 counted
67.0%No
Yes33.0%
Turnout 57.8%
67.0%No
Yes33.0%
Turnout 57.8%
Yes votes14'808
No votes30'100
Valid votes44'908
6590 Supplementary financing of OASI by increasing Value Added Tax Cantons26/26 counted Municipalities2'153/2'153 counted Double majority 44.9% 55.1% Accepted final
Switzerland
counted
44.9% No
55.1% Yes
Yes votes1'570'813
No votes1'281'447
Turnout52.2%
Eligible voters5'549'085
Ballots cast2'894'562
Valid votes2'852'260
Cantons
26/26 counted
Zürichcounted
163/163 counted
39.7%No
Yes60.3%
Turnout 51.3%
39.7%No
Yes60.3%
Turnout 51.3%
Yes votes294'490
No votes194'156
Valid votes488'646
Fribourg / Freiburgcounted
127/127 counted
51.8%No
Yes48.2%
Turnout 53.4%
51.8%No
Yes48.2%
Turnout 53.4%
Yes votes53'910
No votes57'823
Valid votes111'733
Solothurncounted
107/107 counted
47.1%No
Yes52.9%
Turnout 51.0%
47.1%No
Yes52.9%
Turnout 51.0%
Yes votes48'928
No votes43'529
Valid votes92'457
Basel-Stadtcounted
4/4 counted
48.4%No
Yes51.6%
Turnout 53.6%
48.4%No
Yes51.6%
Turnout 53.6%
Yes votes31'066
No votes29'086
Valid votes60'152
Basel-Landschaftcounted
86/86 counted
44.6%No
Yes55.4%
Turnout 51.6%
44.6%No
Yes55.4%
Turnout 51.6%
Yes votes53'112
No votes42'770
Valid votes95'882
Schaffhausencounted
26/26 counted
45.3%No
Yes54.7%
Turnout 68.4%
45.3%No
Yes54.7%
Turnout 68.4%
Yes votes19'153
No votes15'859
Valid votes35'012
Appenzell Ausserrhodencounted
20/20 counted
40.2%No
Yes59.8%
Turnout 56.4%
40.2%No
Yes59.8%
Turnout 56.4%
Yes votes13'033
No votes8'769
Valid votes21'802
Appenzell Innerrhodencounted
6/6 counted
37.5%No
Yes62.5%
Turnout 51.9%
37.5%No
Yes62.5%
Turnout 51.9%
Yes votes3'847
No votes2'311
Valid votes6'158
St. Gallencounted
78/78 counted
40.5%No
Yes59.5%
Turnout 51.3%
40.5%No
Yes59.5%
Turnout 51.3%
Yes votes100'125
No votes68'103
Valid votes168'228
Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischuncounted
101/101 counted
41.5%No
Yes58.5%
Turnout 49.2%
41.5%No
Yes58.5%
Turnout 49.2%
Yes votes40'092
No votes28'392
Valid votes68'484
Aargaucounted
201/201 counted
41.6%No
Yes58.4%
Turnout 49.7%
41.6%No
Yes58.4%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes126'573
No votes90'281
Valid votes216'854
Bern / Bernecounted
334/334 counted
45.2%No
Yes54.8%
Turnout 53.9%
45.2%No
Yes54.8%
Turnout 53.9%
Yes votes217'092
No votes179'097
Valid votes396'189
Thurgaucounted
81/81 counted
39.4%No
Yes60.6%
Turnout 52.0%
39.4%No
Yes60.6%
Turnout 52.0%
Yes votes54'623
No votes35'576
Valid votes90'199
Ticinocounted
106/106 counted
49.3%No
Yes50.7%
Turnout 52.4%
49.3%No
Yes50.7%
Turnout 52.4%
Yes votes58'581
No votes56'913
Valid votes115'494
Vaudcounted
301/301 counted
54.4%No
Yes45.6%
Turnout 52.7%
54.4%No
Yes45.6%
Turnout 52.7%
Yes votes110'612
No votes132'016
Valid votes242'628
Valais / Walliscounted
123/123 counted
49.6%No
Yes50.4%
Turnout 49.6%
49.6%No
Yes50.4%
Turnout 49.6%
Yes votes55'677
No votes54'751
Valid votes110'428
Neuchâtelcounted
27/27 counted
54.7%No
Yes45.3%
Turnout 48.5%
54.7%No
Yes45.3%
Turnout 48.5%
Yes votes24'630
No votes29'788
Valid votes54'418
Genèvecounted
46/46 counted
57.4%No
Yes42.6%
Turnout 47.5%
57.4%No
Yes42.6%
Turnout 47.5%
Yes votes54'537
No votes73'633
Valid votes128'170
Juracounted
53/53 counted
62.3%No
Yes37.7%
Turnout 53.0%
62.3%No
Yes37.7%
Turnout 53.0%
Yes votes10'659
No votes17'616
Valid votes28'275
Luzerncounted
81/81 counted
37.7%No
Yes62.3%
Turnout 56.1%
37.7%No
Yes62.3%
Turnout 56.1%
Yes votes97'725
No votes59'129
Valid votes156'854
Uricounted
20/20 counted
41.7%No
Yes58.3%
Turnout 49.7%
41.7%No
Yes58.3%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes7'682
No votes5'499
Valid votes13'181
Schwyzcounted
30/30 counted
39.5%No
Yes60.5%
Turnout 57.1%
39.5%No
Yes60.5%
Turnout 57.1%
Yes votes36'758
No votes24'046
Valid votes60'804
Obwaldencounted
7/7 counted
38.6%No
Yes61.4%
Turnout 59.1%
38.6%No
Yes61.4%
Turnout 59.1%
Yes votes9'659
No votes6'076
Valid votes15'735
Nidwaldencounted
11/11 counted
34.4%No
Yes65.6%
Turnout 57.2%
34.4%No
Yes65.6%
Turnout 57.2%
Yes votes11'759
No votes6'155
Valid votes17'914
Glaruscounted
3/3 counted
44.8%No
Yes55.2%
Turnout 45.6%
44.8%No
Yes55.2%
Turnout 45.6%
Yes votes6'645
No votes5'398
Valid votes12'043
Zugcounted
11/11 counted
33.0%No
Yes67.0%
Turnout 57.3%
33.0%No
Yes67.0%
Turnout 57.3%
Yes votes29'845
No votes14'675
Valid votes44'520
6600 Amendment to the Federal Act on Old-Age and Survivors' Insurance (OASI 21) Cantons26/26 counted Municipalities2'153/2'153 counted Double majority 49.5% 50.5% Accepted final
Switzerland
counted
49.5% No
50.5% Yes
Yes votes1'442'591
No votes1'411'396
Turnout52.2%
Eligible voters5'549'085
Ballots cast2'895'809
Valid votes2'853'987
Cantons
26/26 counted
Zürichcounted
163/163 counted
44.2%No
Yes55.8%
Turnout 51.3%
44.2%No
Yes55.8%
Turnout 51.3%
Yes votes272'374
No votes215'929
Valid votes488'303
Fribourg / Freiburgcounted
127/127 counted
60.5%No
Yes39.5%
Turnout 53.5%
60.5%No
Yes39.5%
Turnout 53.5%
Yes votes44'292
No votes67'941
Valid votes112'233
Solothurncounted
107/107 counted
50.2%No
Yes49.8%
Turnout 50.9%
50.2%No
Yes49.8%
Turnout 50.9%
Yes votes45'959
No votes46'300
Valid votes92'259
Basel-Stadtcounted
4/4 counted
53.2%No
Yes46.8%
Turnout 53.6%
53.2%No
Yes46.8%
Turnout 53.6%
Yes votes28'072
No votes31'966
Valid votes60'038
Basel-Landschaftcounted
86/86 counted
49.0%No
Yes51.0%
Turnout 51.6%
49.0%No
Yes51.0%
Turnout 51.6%
Yes votes48'872
No votes46'923
Valid votes95'795
Schaffhausencounted
26/26 counted
50.0%No
Yes50.0%
Turnout 68.3%
50.0%No
Yes50.0%
Turnout 68.3%
Yes votes17'336
No votes17'353
Valid votes34'689
Appenzell Ausserrhodencounted
20/20 counted
41.0%No
Yes59.0%
Turnout 56.4%
41.0%No
Yes59.0%
Turnout 56.4%
Yes votes12'874
No votes8'931
Valid votes21'805
Appenzell Innerrhodencounted
6/6 counted
35.5%No
Yes64.5%
Turnout 52.0%
35.5%No
Yes64.5%
Turnout 52.0%
Yes votes3'980
No votes2'195
Valid votes6'175
St. Gallencounted
78/78 counted
42.3%No
Yes57.7%
Turnout 51.3%
42.3%No
Yes57.7%
Turnout 51.3%
Yes votes97'061
No votes71'039
Valid votes168'100
Graubünden / Grigioni / Grischuncounted
101/101 counted
43.8%No
Yes56.2%
Turnout 49.4%
43.8%No
Yes56.2%
Turnout 49.4%
Yes votes38'590
No votes30'089
Valid votes68'679
Aargaucounted
201/201 counted
44.6%No
Yes55.4%
Turnout 49.7%
44.6%No
Yes55.4%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes120'136
No votes96'792
Valid votes216'928
Bern / Bernecounted
334/334 counted
49.6%No
Yes50.4%
Turnout 53.9%
49.6%No
Yes50.4%
Turnout 53.9%
Yes votes199'706
No votes196'587
Valid votes396'293
Thurgaucounted
81/81 counted
42.3%No
Yes57.7%
Turnout 52.1%
42.3%No
Yes57.7%
Turnout 52.1%
Yes votes52'100
No votes38'221
Valid votes90'321
Ticinocounted
106/106 counted
57.1%No
Yes42.9%
Turnout 52.4%
57.1%No
Yes42.9%
Turnout 52.4%
Yes votes49'758
No votes66'118
Valid votes115'876
Vaudcounted
301/301 counted
62.1%No
Yes37.9%
Turnout 52.7%
62.1%No
Yes37.9%
Turnout 52.7%
Yes votes92'259
No votes150'887
Valid votes243'146
Valais / Walliscounted
123/123 counted
55.0%No
Yes45.0%
Turnout 49.7%
55.0%No
Yes45.0%
Turnout 49.7%
Yes votes49'903
No votes60'943
Valid votes110'846
Neuchâtelcounted
27/27 counted
64.5%No
Yes35.5%
Turnout 48.5%
64.5%No
Yes35.5%
Turnout 48.5%
Yes votes19'345
No votes35'187
Valid votes54'532
Genèvecounted
46/46 counted
62.8%No
Yes37.2%
Turnout 47.5%
62.8%No
Yes37.2%
Turnout 47.5%
Yes votes47'812
No votes80'578
Valid votes128'390
Juracounted
53/53 counted
70.9%No
Yes29.1%
Turnout 52.8%
70.9%No
Yes29.1%
Turnout 52.8%
Yes votes8'240
No votes20'057
Valid votes28'297
Luzerncounted
81/81 counted
40.6%No
Yes59.4%
Turnout 56.2%
40.6%No
Yes59.4%
Turnout 56.2%
Yes votes93'074
No votes63'685
Valid votes156'759
Uricounted
20/20 counted
42.9%No
Yes57.1%
Turnout 49.8%
42.9%No
Yes57.1%
Turnout 49.8%
Yes votes7'539
No votes5'660
Valid votes13'199
Schwyzcounted
30/30 counted
39.5%No
Yes60.5%
Turnout 57.1%
39.5%No
Yes60.5%
Turnout 57.1%
Yes votes36'777
No votes24'040
Valid votes60'817
Obwaldencounted
7/7 counted
39.2%No
Yes60.8%
Turnout 59.0%
39.2%No
Yes60.8%
Turnout 59.0%
Yes votes9'552
No votes6'150
Valid votes15'702
Nidwaldencounted
11/11 counted
35.3%No
Yes64.7%
Turnout 57.3%
35.3%No
Yes64.7%
Turnout 57.3%
Yes votes11'617
No votes6'337
Valid votes17'954
Glaruscounted
3/3 counted
48.3%No
Yes51.7%
Turnout 45.5%
48.3%No
Yes51.7%
Turnout 45.5%
Yes votes6'226
No votes5'806
Valid votes12'032
Zugcounted
11/11 counted
35.0%No
Yes65.0%
Turnout 57.7%
35.0%No
Yes65.0%
Turnout 57.7%
Yes votes29'137
No votes15'682
Valid votes44'819
Source and context
Source: Federal Statistical Office (FSO) / VoteInfo. rechtundgesetz.ch retrieves the published data automatically and presents it after local processing. The official federal information remains authoritative.